Teachers as Mentors in Critical Pedagogy :: Teaching Learning Essays

Teachers as Mentors in Critical PedagogyThe young world history teacher stood stern and erect before her students. Around the side of her girdle she wore a black cloth. My name is Ms. Aping. When you are responding to me, you give direct me standing up as Ms. Aping, maam. You are not to speak unless I entreat for you to do so. I will teach you what you need to know, and I expect you to subscribe it wellquestions are quite a unnecessary. If you fail to abide by my rules you will spend a great deal of your lunchtime with me. Understand? An awkward silence followed, then voices raised, Yes, Ms. Aping, maam. My voice was among the reluctant echoes in response to this teacher who was clearly exerting the same right and power of a dictator. I later discovered that my teacher was only executing a realistic performance. The scenario, however, proved quite disturbing as well as revealing. Why was it that not a single student stood up to disagree with the teacher? I doubt whatsoever of t hem felt that her extreme and absurd regulations were right or even permitted, but not one person had the courage to go up and question her dah of teaching and authority. Our educational system, while wanting to educate and strengthen its youths minds, has horribly done the opposite through an almost misguided perception of how teachers are suppose to teach. For the majority of our academic learning careers, we have been exposed, to some extent, to the banking concept of education described by Paolo Freire. At the youngest age, when we were perhaps considered the most unknowledgeable, we were fed a enormous amount of information by our teachers, and were expected to receive and memorize this knowledge and accept it as true. As young elementary school kids, we were taught that Christopher Columbus was the world-class human being to discover America, only to find out later, that information was not true. These half-true facts, taught to children, are quite acceptable though. It is simple for a child to learn and memorize that Columbus first sailed the ocean blue and founded America for the rest of the world. On the other hand, much energy is needed and confusion may resurrect for them to acquire and comprehend the immigration of Native American Indians into America, much before the arrival of Columbus, and the possible voyage of early Vikings from northern Europe to the southern sea-coast of present day Canada.

The Great Gatsby: The Demise of Two Dreams Essay -- essays research p

While there are numerous themes throughout the text of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, the close to prominent is that of the American Dream. The American Dream is the idea that any person, no matter what he or she is, or from where he or she has come, can require successful in purport by his or her hard work it is the idea that a self-sufficient person, an entrepreneur, can be a success. In this novel, how eer, it is the sideline for this dream (along with the pursuit of a romantic dream) that causes the ultimate downfall of Jay Gatsby.Throughout the book, Gatsby avoids the reality of his simple, difficult childhood in efforts to avoid the embarrassment of having lived in poorness during his youth. At the age of s blushteen, Jay Gatsby changed his name from James Gatz, marking the beginning of his version of the American Dream. His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people and his imagination had never real accepted them as his parents at all the truth was th at Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself when he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year grey-headed boy would (104). And although masked for most of the story, Gatsbys childhood provides a key source of determination in his endeavor of achieving the American Dream.During Gatsbys early adulthood, he joined the army (where he first met Daisy). He initially loved her because of her extraordinary house and because many other men had already loved her. unmatchable evening in October, Gatsby fell in love with Daisy Fay, and in turn she fell in love with Gatsby. Daisy was the first nice girl that he had ever known (155). Their love was uneasy at first but this uneasiness was lifted when he and Daisy fell in love, and he found that she thought he knew a lot because he knew different things from her (157). While their month of love was physically ended when Gatsby went abroad, their emotional love was non and Daisy, in her artificial world, could not understand why Gatsby could not come home she wanted her love to be with her, she needed some assurance that she was doing the right thing. It was not long however, before Daisy fell in love with a wealthy, former All-American college football player named Tom Buchanan. Gatsbys heart was br... ...s romantic dream was dead, his American Dream remained alive and beaming. He quench had everything discharge for him he had his youth, money, and personality. He was morally superior to his fellow East Eggers and Nick acknowledged this when he told Gatsby that he was worth the whole damn mickle put together (162). To have it all taken away for something he had not done was the greatest misfortune of the entire novel and his death became even more disheartening at his funeral when, despite Nicks efforts to make it respectable, only he, Gatsbys father and servants, and one of Gatsbys acquaintances attended. None of his friends, nor did the love of his life com e. Nick truly cared about Jay Gatsby as no one else did he exemplified what a true friend is and did what only a friend would do for another. Daisy, however, did not seem to feel even a shred of sadness, or guilt, over Gatsbys death which is apparent in her not attending his funeral and instead going away on a vacation with Tom. In the end, it was Gatsbys strong desire for wealth and Daisy, his version of the American Dream, which proved to be the greatest crusade for his grave downfall at the hands of a ruthless society.

Floating Armless :: Philosophy, God

In A Prayer for Owen Meany John Ivring uses several symbols to explore the themes of emergency and divine control. Ivring describes several objects and characters as being armless to represent a sacrifice made by a divine influence. Owen Meany in accompaniment is often expound as being above the ground to represent what he sees as his position as theologys instrument.Owen is first described as being held in the air when attending Sunday school(p 2). Later in the book John repeatedly picks up Owen and raises him to a basketball basket so he can practice a slam dunk that becomes known as the shot. Before Owens destruction he is once once more lifted to a high window using the shot in order to protect a group of children below (p 612). Finally Owen floats above the smart trees after his death (p 615).In part, Owens repeated flight is practical. Practicing the shot gave Owen and John the ability to place the grenade on the windows. However, Owens flight, particularly after his deat h also alludes that Owen is closer to the heavens and reinforces his role as Gods instrument (p 87). After Owens death, John points out that There were forces that contributed to our illusion of Owens weightlessness they were forces that we failed to believe in-and they were also lifting up Owen Meany, taking him out of our hands. (p 617) This suggests that Owen was being lifted be divine forces from childhood until they lifted him above the palm trees. Owen was reassured throughout the novel throughout the novel that nothing happens by accident and that he was fated to die on July 8, 1968(p 607). Owen feels his death is a part of Gods plan and does not attempt to change his fate. This ties into the theme of divine control. He was carried by spiritual beings through his life to fulfill his role in saving the children. In A Prayer for Owen Meany many characters seem to suffer amputations. The Indian chief Watahantowet draws an armless totem when he sells his land(p 8). Owen amputates the stuffed armadillos claws to represent his delinquency and grief after accidentally killing Tabitha Wheelwright (p 86). The Meanys nativity set features a one-handed Joseph and a three-legged cow (p 183). Tabithas dressmakers button up is armless until Owen gives it the arms he removed from a statue of Mary Magdalene (p 553), one of which is later separated again from the dummy (p 555).

Spring Reawakened: The Mind and Matter of Rock and Rebellion Essay

What constitutes a rebellion against conformity? Is the desire for revolution a matter of treat or simply a state of mind? In the 1990s, Americas counterculture was founded on the alternative, grunge, and punk rock effects that embodied the spirit of intrapersonal tension and fond upheaval. The ideas emphasized through this counterculture have utilized and influenced many art forms, including theatre. Steven Saters Spring waken exudes the same unruly spirit of the 90s, but the musicals put upting, 19th century Germany, does little to connect contemporary audiences to the themes. To accentuate the rebellious spirit inherent in the script, an adaptation of the play provide be set in America during the 1990s. Furthermore, the internal conflicts within the three protagonists, Wendla Bergman, Moritz Stiefel, and Melchior Gaborwho each represent a facet of Sigmund Freuds map of the human subconsciouswill be externalized through the characters use of live musical instruments onstage. In each of the Poetics categories, alterations will be made to the original production in order to liberate its cardinal turmoil.The plot will be restructured as a framed narrative, known as the Chinese box device. Essentially, Spring Awakening will become a story within a story. The first scene, in which Wendla asks her mother about human conception, will be truncated and will serve as the external frame of the story. Wendlas mother will conclude the scene with In order for a women to conceive a child (Sater 17). Then, plot will endure to the subsequent scene, which begins inside the framed narrative and proceed as normal. After the song Those Youve Known, the musical will return to the first scene, the framing device, and conclude ... .... Simultaneously, the actors will have to rock out during musical numbers while singing and playing instruments. Every decision made in this production of Spring Awakening focuses on highlighting themes of rebellion, psychological conflict, an d the ability of high-energy rock music to influence social movements. These ideas are present in the script, but are buried beneath an ineffectual setting fortunately, their universal applicability allows the musical to be transplanted into a more relatable time period. When established during the American alternative rock movement of the 1990s, the musical invites contemporary audiences to think of rebellion as a psychological and behavioral matter, a form of personal motivation, and not simply the product of teenage angst. The heart of Spring Awakening ultimately lies in this deep, thematic resonance and restless spirit.

Graphic Correlation :: Assignment

Graphic Correlation The eldest step toward correlating the three sections was selecting an initial standard reference section. The Morgan Creek section was chosen for this because it had, on average, a higher number of fogy occurrences for the six species that were examined. The first and travel occurrences of the six species from this section (x axis) were plotted against the first and last occurrences of the same species from the ashen Creek section (y axis). The product was figure 1.Figure 2 is the same graph as figure 1, but it has a best fit make through the data, called the strain of correlation. The diamond shaped commoves are first occurrences, while the squares are last occurrences. First occurrences which plot to the right of the line of correlation steer that this species is found in older rocks in the White Creek section than in the Morgan Creek section. An example of this is the fossil of species Kingstonia pontotocensis (diamond 4). In order to time gibe this f ossil to the Morgan Creek section, the point is carried over horizontally to the line of correlation from which the appropriate x value (point in the Morgan Creek section) was found. In other words, the first occurrence of this fossil was at a point in time that correlates to 133 m from the base of the Morgan Creek section, but due to poor preservation conditions, erosion, or some other geologic phenomena, the fossil is actually found at 138 m from the base of the Morgan Creek section. When a last occurrence plots to the left of the line of correlation, this means that the fossil occurs in younger rocks in the White creek section than in the Morgan Creek section. Kingstonia pontotocensis is the example again. To correlate this to the appropriate height in the Morgan Creek section, the data point is moved horizontally to the line of correlation, and from a vertical line to the x axis one can see that the point need be adjusted from 145m to 153m in the Morgan Creek section. By using t his correlation method, a theoretical section is created, by combining first and last occurrences from both sections. It is important to note that this section is not found in nature it is simply an idea which represents what a section would look like if fossil preservation problems did not exist, and all six fossil ranges were accurately represented in the rock record.

Graphic Correlation :: Assignment

Graphic Correlation The first step toward correlating the three characters was selecting an initial ideal reference section. The Morgan Creek section was chosen for this because it had, on average, a higher number of fogy occurrences for the six species that were examined. The first and last occurrences of the six species from this section (x axis of rotation) were secret plan against the first and last occurrences of the same species from the White Creek section (y axis). The product was figure 1.Figure 2 is the same graph as figure 1, provided it has a best fit line through the data, called the line of correlation. The diamond shaped points are first occurrences, while the squares are last occurrences. First occurrences which plot to the right of the line of correlation indicate that this species is found in older rocks in the White Creek section than in the Morgan Creek section. An case of this is the fossil of species Kingstonia pontotocensis (diamond 4). In order to time cor relate this fossil to the Morgan Creek section, the point is carried over horizontally to the line of correlation from which the appropriate x value (point in the Morgan Creek section) was found. In other words, the first occurrence of this fossil was at a point in time that correlates to 133 m from the base of the Morgan Creek section, nevertheless due to poor preservation conditions, erosion, or some other geologic phenomena, the fossil is actually found at 138 m from the base of the Morgan Creek section. When a last occurrence plots to the left of the line of correlation, this means that the fossil occurs in younger rocks in the White creek section than in the Morgan Creek section. Kingstonia pontotocensis is the example again. To correlate this to the appropriate height in the Morgan Creek section, the data point is moved horizontally to the line of correlation, and from a vertical line to the x axis one can see that the point need be adjusted from 145m to 153m in the Morgan Cr eek section. By using this correlation method, a theoretical section is created, by combining first and last occurrences from both sections. It is important to note that this section is not found in nature it is simply an idea which represents what a section would look like if fossil preservation problems did not exist, and all six fossil ranges were accurately represented in the rock record.

Molecular Biology Paper

Lab Report 1 Introduction A cells germ plasm membrane is known to be selectively permeable. This implies that the membrane is selective on what substances can pass in and out of the cell. There ar two methods of transport that occur through the plasma membrane. One method of transport is called active surgical process which subprograms ATP energy to transport substances through the membrane. The other method is called passive process which does non pick up the use of ATP energy. During passive processes, molecules are transported through the membrane by differences in concentration or pressure between the inside and outside of the cell. dickens important types of passive process are diffusion and filtration. Every cell in the human body uses diffusion as an important transport process through its selectively permeable membrane. During diffusion, molecules that are microscopic enough to pass through a membranes concent enjoin ons or molecules that can dissolve in the lipid section of a membrane move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The kinetic energy that all molecules possess is the motivating force in diffusion. Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules are as well as large to pass through a membrane or are lipid insoluble.In this process, mail postman protein molecules located in the membrane combine with solutes and transport them down the concentration gradient. Filtration is another type of passive process and, unlike diffusion this is not a selective process. The pressure gradient on each side of the membrane as well as the membrane pore size depends on the heart of solutes and fluids in the filtrate. During filtration, water system and solute molecules pass through a membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure.This means that water and solutes would pass through a selectively permeable membrane along the pressure gradient. To gain a better understan ding of a cells selectively permeable membrane and the passive processes of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and filtration, three experiments were conducted. Materials and Methods activeness 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Materials ? two glass beakers ? four dialysis membranes 20 (MWCO), 50 (MWCO), degree centigrade (MWCO), and cc (MWCO) ? membrane holder ? membrane barrier ? four solutes NaCl, Urea, Albumin, and Glucose resolve dispenser ? deionized water ? horologe ? beaker flush This experiment was conducted firstly by placing the 20 (MWCO) dialysis membrane into the membrane holder. The membrane holder joined the two glass beakers one on the left side and one on the right side. Then, 9. 00 mM of NaCl concentration was administer into the left beaker. Deionized water was dispensed in the right beaker. When the timer was started, the barrier that surrounded the membrane holder was lowered to allow the contents of each beaker to bewilder in contact with th e membrane.After the 60 proceedings of compressed time elapsed, results were read and recorded. Finally, each beaker was then flushed for preparation of the next experiment run. These ingest steps were followed using each dialysis membrane size (20, 50, 100, and 200) as well as with each solute (NaCl, Urea, Albumin, and Glucose). There were a keep down of sixteen runs in this experiment. Activity 2 Simulating Facilitated Diffusion Materials ? two glass beakers ? membrane builder ? membrane holder ? glucose concentration ? solution dispenser ? deionized water ? timer beaker flush In this experiment, the first step was to adjust the glucose carrier to 500 in order to correctly build the membrane. Next, a membrane was built in the membrane builder by inserting 500 glucose carrier proteins into it. Then, the newly built membrane was placed into the membrane holder that joined the two glass beakers. The two glass beakers were joined on the left and right sides of the membrane holder. After that, 2. 00 mM of glucose concentration was dispensed into the left beaker. The right beaker was filled with deionized water.The barrier around the membrane holder dropped when the timer was started. After 60 minutes of compressed time elapsed, the results were read and recorded. Finally, both glass beakers were flushed to prepare for the next experimental runs. The to a higher place mentioned steps were recurrent by increasing the glucose concentration to 8. 00. Both the 2. 00 mM and the 8. 00 mM glucose concentration solution were tested using membranes built with 500, 700, and 900 glucose carrier proteins. There were a total of six experimental runs. Activity 4 Simulating Filtration Materials ? two glass beakers membrane holder ? 4 dialysis membranes 20 (MWCO), 50 (MWCO), 100 (MWCO), and 200 (MWCO) ? 4 solutions Na+Cl? , Urea, glucose, and powdered charcoal ? solution dispenser ? pressure unit ? timer ? filtration rate indicator ? membrane residue analysis analyzer ? bea ker flush In the final experiment, the two glass beakers were placed one on top of the other with the membrane holder between them. The pressure unit that rested on the top beaker was used for forcing the solution from the top beaker through the selected membrane and into the bottom beaker.The bottom beaker contained nothing however, the filtration rate indicator was attached to it from one side. The experiment began by placing the 20 (MWCO) dialysis membrane into the membrane holder. Then, 5. 00 mg/ml of each of the following solutions Na+Cl? , Urea, glucose, and powdered charcoal were dispensed into the top beaker. The pressure unit was adjusted to 50 mmHg of pressure. The timer was set to 60 minutes of compressed time and when the timer started, the membrane holder retracted. The solution then flowed through the membrane and into the beaker underneath.When the timer stopped, the membrane was then placed in the membrane residue analysis analyzer. The results were read and recorded and the beakers were flushed for the next experimental runs. All the above steps were repeated using the 50 (MWCO), 100 (MWCO), and 200 (MWCO) membranes. Results remand 1 Activity 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Key Solutes that were able to diffuse into the right beaker are indicated by a +. Solutes that were not able to diffuse into the right beaker are indicated by a -. Membrane (MWCO) Solute (9. 0 mM) (Pore Size) NaCl Urea Albumin Glucose 20 50 + 100 + 200 + + graph 1 Activity 2 Simulating Facilitated Diffusion Glucose Transport Rate (mM/min) pic Table 2 and 3 Activity 4 Simulating Filtration Table 2 Solute Residue Presence in the Membrane Key If solute residue was present on the membrane, it is indicated by a +. If solute residue was not present on the membrane, it is indicated by a .Membrane (MWCO) Solute 20 50 100 200 NaCl + + + + Urea + + + + Glucose + + + + Powdered Charcoal + + + + Table 3 Filtration Rate and Amount of Solute find in Filt rate Membrane (MWCO) Solute 20 50 100 200 Filtration Rate (ml/min) 1 2. 5 10 NaCl in filtrate (mg/ml) 0 4. 81 4. 81 4. 81 Urea in filtrate (mg/ml) 0 0 4. 74 4. 74 Glucose in filtrate (mg/ml) 0 0 0 4. 9 Powdered Charcoal (mg/ml) 0 0 0 0 Discussion The first lab experiment, Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion), demonstrated how only certain molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. The four membranes utilized in this experiment consisted of each one being different in pore size (MWCO). The smallest pore-sized membrane was 20 (MWCO), and the largest was 200 (MWCO). The solutes that were tested in this experiment were NaCl, Urea, Albumin, and Glucose.The first solute tested, NaCl, showed that with a 20 (MWCO) membrane, no diffusion occurred into the right beaker. (Table 1) The NaCl molecules were evidently excessively large to pass through the 20 (MWCO) membrane because its pores were too small. Membran es 50, 100, and 200 (MWCO) did allow the NaCl to pass through. (Table 1) One of the reasons this occurred is because the pores in the above mentioned membranes were large enough to appropriate the passage of the NaCl molecules. The other reason diffusion occurred is because the NaCl molecules moved down its concentration gradient and into the beaker filled with deionized water. For all three membranes, equilibrium was reached in ten minutes at an average diffusion rate of 0. 0150 mM/min.As for the solute Urea, the experiment conducted showed that no diffusion occurred with all four membranes. (Table 1) Urea should have passed through membranes 100 (MWCO) and 200 (MWCO) for the reasons that its molecules are small enough and Urea is also soluble. This experiment showed that none of the Albumin molecules diffused through any of the four membranes tested. (Table 1) This is because the Albumin molecules were too large to pass through the pores of all four membranes. The final solute te sted in this experiment, Glucose, showed that the molecules only diffused through the 200 (MWCO) membrane. (Table 1) Equilibrium was reached in thirty-seven minutes at an average diffusion rate of 0. 0040 mM/min.The Glucose molecules were too large to diffuse through the 20 (MWCO), 50 (MWCO), and 100 (MWCO) membranes. The second experiment, Simulating Facilitated Diffusion, explained how carrier protein molecules in the membrane effectively transported molecules that are too large or are insoluble to diffuse through the membrane. The carrier proteins in this experiment were glucose carriers and the solution was a 2. 00 (mM) and an 8. 00 (mM) glucose concentration. The 2. 00 (mM) glucose concentration was tested first with the 500 glucose carrier protein membrane then the 700 and 900 glucose carrier protein membranes. The glucose transport rate for the membrane with 500 glucose carrier proteins was 0. 0008 (mM/min). Graph 1) The membrane with 700 glucose carrier proteins showed a ra te of 0. 0010 (mM/min) and the 900 glucose carrier proteins membrane had a rate of 0. 0012 (mM/min). (Graph 1) The 8. 00 (mM) glucose concentration also showed and increase in glucose transport rate with membranes that contained more(prenominal) glucose carrier proteins. The membrane with 500 glucose carrier proteins showed a rate of 0. 0023 (mM/min). (Graph 1) Membranes that had 700 and 900 glucose carrier proteins showed a rate of 0. 0031 and 0. 0038 (mM/min). (Graph 1) These results show that with an increase in measurement of glucose carrier proteins in the membranes, transport of the glucose molecules in the concentration is more effective.A higher concentration of glucose (8. 00 mM) also increases the rate of glucose transport in a membrane with the same amount of glucose carrier proteins as a lower glucose concentration (2. 00). The final experiment, Simulating Filtration, four different solutes were forced through four membranes that contained separate pore sizes by the us e of hydrostatic pressure. After each experimental run was conducted, the membrane analyses showed that residue from all four solutes were detected on each membrane. (Table 2) This indicates that some solutes did not gain vigor through the membrane. The filtration rate (ml/min) increased as membranes with larger pores were utilized.This happened because the solute molecules were able to transport through a particular membrane at a faster rate being that the membranes pores were larger. The filtrate in the bottom beaker was analyzed and no solutes were detected with the 20 (MWCO) membrane. (Table 3) With the 50 (MWCO) membrane, only NaCl was detected in the filtrate at 4. 81 (mg/ml). (Table 3) The 100 (MWCO) membrane showed to have NaCl at 4. 81 (mg/ml) and Urea at 4. 74 (mg/ml) present in the filtrate. (Table 3) Glucose and powdered charcoal were not present. The last membrane with pore size 200 (MWCO), had the solutes NaCl at 4. 81 (mg/ml), Urea at 4. 74 (mg/ml), and Glucose at 4. 39 (mg/ml) detected in the filtrate. (Table 3) Powdered charcoal was not detected in this filtrate. Table 3) The molecules in powdered charcoal were too large to pass through any of the membranes tested. The 20 (MWCO) membrane pores were too small to allow any solute molecules to pass through. The membranes that contained larger pores allowed the solutes with larger pores pass through. The amounts (mg/ml) of the same solute detected in the filtrate were the same for each membrane. (Table 3) This is because the pressure that was released into the top beaker remained at 50 (mmHg) for all experiment runs. References Marieb, Elaine N. , Mitchell, Susan J. (2008). Exercise 5B. Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual Ninth Edition (pp. PEx-5 PEx-13). San Francisco, California Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Puck’s Mischief Essay

hockey puck may be mischievous, but he is not cruel or evil. Do you agree? I agree to a large extent that although Puck may be mischievous and playful, it does not mean that he is inherently cruel and evil. Mischievousness, implies a sort of roguish fondness for trickery and pranks, this however does not necessarily dictate that Puck is evil at heart. At the emergeset, the firstborn impression the audience receives of Puck is that of a merry prankster and not a hard-hearted plotter who wishes ill.The first fairy the audience meets describes Puck as a shrewd and knavish sprite referring directly to his mischievous spirit. The fairy describes Pucks pranks of making the drink to bear no barm and Puck himself dialog about how he jests to Oberon, and recognises him smile and even pretends to be a stool only to disappear when one wants to sit all of which though they may sometimes be unkind, do not mean any serious ill-treat. frankincense from the beginning, Shakespeare creates the i mpression of a character that delights in mischief, but does not go out of his way to harm people.Though Puck catalyses the conflict between the lovers, it is not because of evil intent that he does this. In fact if anyone should be deemed cruel or evil in A Midsummer Nights Dream, it should be Oberon. As it was due to carrying out Oberons orders, Puck caused the confusion amongst the lovers seen in motivate 3 Scene 2. It is doubtless that Puck was indeed the one who anoints Lysanders eyes instead of Demetrius, causing Lysander to pursue Helena to honourher and be her gymnastic horse, creating a tangle of lovers when all four finally meet in Act 3 Scene 2. However, he does this obliviously, as seen in how he later on admits that he had mistook Lysander for Demetrius because Oberon identified Demetrius by the Athenian garments he hath on. Thus going to show that he had no intention of causing the trouble he did. Additionally, he is willing to make amends for the trouble he has cau sed, showing that he meant no permanent harm.After finding out that he had move the love juice on some true-loves sight causing a true love to turnd false, by causing Lysander to fall for Helena, he immediately commits himself to being swifter than an arrow from tartars bow in searching for Helena to make things right. Later he honestly admits his mistake to Oberon, pleading Oberon King of shadows to believe him that he mistook. Thus by willingly admitting his mistake and swiftly making amends, Puck shows that he had no intent to harm the lovers at all, shedding light on his character that he is not intrinsically evil.Furthermore, Puck shows compassion for the lovers in his actions, revealing a somewhat out of the blue(predicate) benevolent nature. This is seen when he mistakes Lysanders reason for sleeping so far from Hermia as lacking-love and courtesy. He echoes similar sentiments when he comments that Cupid is a knavish lad, Thus to make poor females mad at the end of all the chaos of Act 3 Scene 2. Similarly, although Puck leads Demetrius and Lysander Up and down, up and down, seem to goad them, he does so for good reason- in order to lead them away from each other to prevent a fight.Hence through these instances, Puck shows himself to be even less of the hot-headed mischief maker. However, Puck does show a streak of cruelty in his dealings with the craftsmen. His attitude to the craftsmen and render in detail is scornful, calling them the shallowest thicksin of that barren sort. This conflicts with the audiences previous encounters with the craftsmen, which though show them to be shallow they are certainly not barren, and The about Lamentable Comedy and Most Cruel Death of Pyramus and Thisbe they persevered in practicing is proof of this.Thus Puck comes across here as very caustic and snide, which may lead the audience to think of him as a wicked character. He even gloats to Oberon about how he had An asss noll fixed on Bottoms head, which reveals a certain malicious streak in him. Nonetheless, Pucks conclusion of the play emphasizes that he means no ill will. In his closing statement, he says to the audience that If you pardon, we shall amend, for he is an honest Puck. Highlighting yet again that although he may delight in and make a sport out of mischief, he means no real injury, for he is no cruel fairy.

Medical Tourism : Introduction

During the past four years, the market grew at a whopping rate of 20-30% and is expected to grow further. Considering this growth the accredited market size is estimated to be $100 billion. Medical Tourism industry offers tremendous capability for the ontogenesis countries because of their low-cost advantage. The advantages of medical checkup touristry include returns in export earnings and healthcare infrastructure. Many people in westernised world are accustomed to visit other nations which can offer medical treatment and very economy rates.In other words high tonus health care treatments can be best available abroad at a very affordable prices (Herrick, 2007). Medical tourism has been very popular among the nations like Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, India, Cuba, South Africa, Singapore etc (Bookman, 2007). In order to realize the full potential of the industry, it is imperative for these countries to develop a strategic plan for coordinating various industry players the m edical practitioners, private hospitals, policy makers, hotels, trans portation services and tour operators.This report presents the strategy that needs to be implemented by India, one of the key destinations for Medical tourism, in order to achieve industry-leadership. The reason for rapid growth of the medical tourism may be attributed to long waiting lists, opened channels for a high quality treatments etc (Carrera and Percivil, 2008). The Medical Tourism Industry in India is poised to be the next big success story after software. With a great information technology (IT) hub in India, it has got great potential for medical tourism (Connell, 2006).According to a Mckinsey-CII study the market size is estimated to be Rs. 5000-10000 Crores by 2012. The key concerns facing the industry include absence of government initiative, lack of a coordinated swither to promote the industry, no accreditation mechanism for hospitals and the lack of uniform pricing policies and standards a wipe hospitals. 2. 0 Aims To analyse business strategies of medical tourism industry and establish on the selective information analysed necessary recommendations are grantd in order to develop the efficacy of the this industry in India. . 1 Objectives * To explore the field of medical tourism and unlike business strategic approaches followed by other developing nations * To analyse the current position of Medical Tourism in India * To evaluate business strategies thrusts for the future * To provide necessary conclusion and recommendation. 2. 2 Scope of the study There has been a considerable improvement in medical tourism all over the world. However, the developing nation like India needs to develop its own areas to contribute more towards medical tourism.The seek had found suitable hypothesis for this study which will be helpful to be tested and effectively practiced in India. The conclusion may provide additional plans for the sustainability of medical tourism in the state. 3. 0 Rea search methodological analysis Research helps in exploring the new things in certain area of interest and enhances the knowledge (Jenkowicz, 2003). It helps in analysing the conflicts in that particular area and tries out in decision some solutions for a particular conflict. It is the logical and systematic exploration of particular area of interest (Collins, 2003).These acts as template for carry out explore. This further enhances the quality of the look into (Malhotra, Birks, 2005). Research design can be classified as follows Figure 3. 1 research design (Malhotra and Birks, 2005) The current study primarily focuses on the business strategies medical tourism in India. An exploratory research is adopted for this current study whereby the key problematic area is not yet identified. On the other hand the conclusive design has only very confined or specific hypothesis. This is a complex study which will have a small sample size.Hence the entropy thus collected can be quantifiable. The questionnaires in case of the descriptive study are pre-formulated. Of all the different types of studies the cross sectional studies are considered to be the commonest approach. In case of simple cross sectional studies the respondents will be audienceed only one time where as in case of multiple cross sectional studies the two or more respondents will be interviewed at one time. Cohort analysis, which will be reason under the multiple cross sectional studies, group of individuals will be exposed to equal traits at given time period.There has been a significant leaving between longitudinal and cross sectional research however, longitudinal sample remains same unlike of cross sectional research. The size of the smaple will endlessly remain same if both the researches such as casual and descriptive research are equal in representation (Malhotra, 2006). Research methods According to Blaxter (2006), the research skills constituting selection, analytics and presentation of data e xplore facts through some distortions of any interested subject. The research methods have been broadly classified.However, critically evaluating the data through further research would be carried out with help of previous research validation. The methods could be in mixed approach such as quantitative and qualitative methods. The tec mum that there should be a deep understanding of the tools before incorporating it into the research (Grix, 2004). The researcher finds interpretivism as best approach to explore the subject and to identify the data using qualitative research techniques. There are two different types of approaches commonly used such as inductive and eductive approach. The research is purely based on the end result which is much similar to inductive approach so, the deductive approach is eliminated from this research. The researcher is very keen on identifying suitable tools and techniques to go down appropriate research methods and data collections for which a proper research strategy is to be used which would be critically analysed and confirmed through case studies (Punch, et al, 2004). 3. 1 Data collection It is the important aspect in the research process. every last(predicate) the research tools and techniques used to collect data is performed with subject to personal interaction, focus groups, observation and artefacts. All the data collection are identified with two segments such as primary data collection and secondary data collection. 3. 1. 1 Primary data All the data related to qualitative and quantitative methods are observed through this technique. In this primary research, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews are considered as important. The researcher chosen unlikeable ended questionnaire which will be more suitable for the research undertaken (Naoum, 2006).Based on the qualitative type, interviews were performed to derive data required for this research. The researcher had chosen telephonic interview which could be more reliable and can provide deep insight data relevant to research study. All the interviews are preceded with questionnaire to probe the participants based on the response to previous questions (Collins, 2003). 3. 1. 2 Secondary data The researcher had gone through a rigorous study based on books, journals, online articles and newspapers. Most of research related journals are derived from science direct and EBSC host websites.However, there is a considerable amount of vagueness found by the researcher during the collection of secondary data. The researcher had followed probability sampling technique to use in the current study which could produce accurate results needed for this research (Breweton, 2001).

Isotopes and Their Uses

Isotopes Any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the karyon, but having different numbers of neutrons be called isotopes. Some isotopes are unstable, especially those with a lot of neutrons compared to the number of protons in the nucleus. These isotopes tend to eject some particles, in the form of radiation, until a stable nucleus is produced this is called the radioactive decay. Four isotopes as well as their uses are mentioned subsequently.Americium Americium is a silvery metal, which corrodes slowly in air and is soluble in acid. It has the isotopes Am-243, Am-242 and Am-241, with a half-life of 432 years, which was the first isotope to be isolated. The isotope Am-241decays byemitting alpha particles and intense gamma radiation to become neptunium-237. Americium (in combination with beryllium) is also employ as a neutron source in non-destructive testing of machinery and equipment, and as a thickness gauge in the glass industry.Howe ver, its most common application is as an ionization source in smoke detectors, and most of the several kilograms of americium made each year are used in this way. One gram of americium oxide provides enough active existent for more thanthree millionhousehold smoke detectors. Krypton Krypton 85 (Kr-85) is a radioisotope of krypton. It is a radioactive gasoline found in the atmosphere and produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear power plants, volcanoes and earthquakes. Krypton-85 is odorless, colorless and tasteless and emits low-level radiation levels of both gamma and beta rays.Krypton-85 is usually produced in gas mixtures with argon or xenon to improve the ionization in light bulbs by reducing their starting voltage. It also is used in plasma displays, spark gaps and for leak detection. Strontium Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life of 28. 8 years. Sr-90 finds extensive use in medicine and industry, as a radioactive source for superficial radiotherapy of so me cancers. Controlled amounts of this isotope can be used in treatment of bone cancer. As the radioactive decay of strontium-90 generates noteworthy amount of heat, it is used as a heat ource in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, this is a device where heat released by the decay of a radioactive material is converted into electricity. It is also used as a radioactive tracer in medicine and agriculture. Thorium Thorium-230 is a radioactive isotope of thorium, which can be used to date corals and determine ocean current flux. Ionium was a name given early in the study of radioactive elements to the Th-230 isotope produced in the decay chain of U-238 earlier it was realized that ionium and thorium are chemically identical. The symbol Io was used for this supposed element.

A Famous Personality Who Has a Great Influence on Me

In the world, most of people need to change themselves. It might be they meet soul who inspires them to do something that never done before and I am one of those people. I love volleyball so much since I watched SAORI KIMUEA on a TV. She is a Japanese volleyball player and very famous beca enforce of her beauty, talent, and skills of competition which are reasons for me desire to be like her. The previously, I met her. I disliked physical exertion very much I had never thought that sports were very exciting. I wasnt interested in any sports.I was very an inert individual and didnt prepare to study, do activities with friends, or the challenging things until I had seen the fierce volleyball game that SAORI KIMURA played, I felt enjoyable and wanted to play, the same time I really value her smile, beauty, and sweet moving which are the important things for me or can say another way that I want to change myself form an inert person into an enthusiastic person. Initially, I just onl y watched I didnt know the rules of volleyball and how to play it.I didnt drop courage I was afraid of the mistakes, but I want to be the best volleyball player, so I decided to play for my dream. I tested to play, but my first time wasnt easy I began to use my arms to hit the ball, suddenly the ball was backward. In fact, it should be forward, at that time my friends laughed very loud. It was so embarrassing, but I had never surrendered, I tried again I practiced harder and harder. Finally, I can play volleyball better than before, and last year, I became to be a volleyball player of my instill team I was very glad.The volleyball taught me many things such as what is the teamwork? Dont be afraid and technical of doing new things because everything has to practice the same as acting volleyball. For those reasons, I dont have to worry about mistakes when I do the challenging things. I have to thank Miss SAORI KIMURA who is my inspiration she makes me know the endeavor and have mor e daring especially, I can play the volleyball like her even thought I havent been good enough yet, but I squall that one day I will be the famous volleyball player like SAORI KIMURA.

The Evolution of Philippine Literature

Though relatively young compared to varied world publicationss, Philippine books has come a long way in evolving from the early forms of folklore literature to the contemporary literature we know today. The changing times and the cultural influences brought about by both the foreign and local people have shaped the emergency of Philippine literature. On the earliest times before the Spanish colonization, myths, legends, and tales were the forms of literature at hand. These reflected the indigenous culture and tradition of pre-Spanish Philippines.Stories were orally shared and passed down way of life one generation to the next. A bit before Spaniards came, the early natives had also developed their own writing system called the Alabama and the earliest writings in Philippine literature were written in that manner on bamboo, leaves, stones, and other indigenous materials. These myths usually impart of the origin of man and the world, and mostly had a transcending phantasmal purp ose. Balkans or the priestesses were in charge of remembering and preserving the folklore which they preached to the people, especially to the future generations.An example of well preserved myth is the lawful ale of Began and Gauguin that talks about the marriage of a goddess with a man and the death of their son which resulted in the creation of the worlds many things. Tales were in local vernacular forms and showed the diversity ad richness of culture by each region. On the advent of Spanish colonization, the earlier forms of literature were trashed and abandoned for the Spaniards wanted to convert the natives to Christianity and the only way to do this was to convince the natives into believing that these were ugliness and wicked.That explains why the term yaw meaner devil, but in fact, Yaw was a airier Babylon from Bolo. Folklore was forgotten and natives were slowly but surely became Hispanicize throughout the 300 years of colonization. Prayers, chants, and other religious ac ts were taught to the natives. Religion was a major topic in the Spanish era. Elite scholars were taught to read and bring through in Spanish and religion was the main humble matter. Since only the high class or the selected few had the privilege of education, this resulted in a few bright minds to explore the literature given by the Spaniards, the light were only taught prayers.These fortunate people were taught to read and write n Spanish and were sent overseas. This paved way for them to discover the diverse literature of the world. This gave them an utterly different perspective of literature and other matters. These scholars were inspired by the foreign revolutionary ideas and sooner than later, sparked the will to also change the system of their native land. These foreign ideas were select by Filipino writers like Jose Racial, Grecian Lopez Jean, Marcelo H. Del Pillar and Pedro Pattern who contributed to important Spanish literary work in the Philippines by the way of vari ous diachronic documents.Studying in Europe, Jose Racial was the most prominent advocate for reform in the Philippines. He wrote two books the Nil Me Tanager and the El Filibusterers, writings and formed the ASK for revolution. It is unembellished in Benefactions poem Nag Hulling Habit Eng Filipinos (The final Cry of Filipinos) that he was on the verge of creating a revolution and that shows that on the dwindling years of Spanish rule, literature revolved around the idea of revolution and nationalism. It is true that the style and way of writing is very much affected by the need to write down the events that are unfolding.A nationalistic era results in a nationalistic literary works. At the dawn of American colonialism?or as they called it benevolent soaking up, the American tactic was to not enslave us but to befriend us. They willingly taught the Filipinos to read and write in English, targeting the youth. Through these efforts, Philippine English literature bloomed. At the star t, many Filipino writers still wrote in Spanish but gradually, as the years went by, more and more wrote in English. Since you have to learn to uprise before you learn to walk, it took them a little while before Filipino writers could write literary works in English.When the Second World War detonate and the Japanese occupied the country, writers were forced to either go underground or write in Toga. Writers were enthused to write in English again when the war was over. This layover produced some famous writers like like Carols Bulbous, Alexandra Roses, Francisco Recall, Nick Joaquin. Filipino writers excelled in the short stories in English. It was at this time that Filipinos felt at more take over with using English as their medium of language. They took the writing in English language and transformed it into an artistic expression.

Msc Strategic Management

The copyright of the Master thesis rests with the author. The author is responsible for its contents. RSI Erasmus University is only responsible for the educational coaching and beyond that can non be held responsible for the content.Acknowledgements I would like to thank Raymond caravan Wick, Bert Flier, and Justine Jansen for their inspirational lectures and papers forming the basis for my thesis and new constitute interests Raymond van Will and Mochala Chippers for thoughtful discussion and feedback during the process of piece of writing this thesis the managers responding to my river for enabling thesis testing my p arnts, sister, and brother for their enduring and limitless support and patience and XX for her support, love, and understanding.Your valuable contri yetions enabled the writing of this paper. XX, March 2009 Marten van Brussels Designing ambidextrousness Social Capital and Ambidexterity 10 Cognitive genial outstanding 11 Shared enculturation and systems Shared slew 12 Relational social capital 13 Trust Tie strength 14 Ambidexterity and Unit PerformanceIt provides the scheme the ability to be align with and adaptable to its environment. The ambidextrous organizational form builds on internally inconsistent structures and closes, allowing wildcat and exploitative unit of measurements to optimally configure themselves around specialised task-environment requirements. Exploratory units assay for new knowledge and skills for the development of radical innovations and are characterized by loose cultures.Exploitative units build on and extend existing knowledge and skills for making incremental changes and amusement park well with tight cultures. Thus, to achieve ambidextrousness organizations have to integrate the contradictory forces of geographic expedition and exploitation and manage the internal tensions hat these forces bring along. However, it is strategic integration which remains to be a complex issue. The mechanisms for int egration need to be able to access and integrate knowledge across relatively autonomous units.Till date, buckram integration mechanisms have received ample attention, while organizational social capital was largely ignored. Cognitive and comparative social capital are found to be essential de terminationinants for the transfer of knowledge between units within the organization and thus for their integration. Therefore, this study explores how cognitive social UAPITA, represented by divided culture and systems and shared vision, provides the needed meaning and understanding for business units in a context of contradiction which is apparent in the ambidextrous organizational form.In addition, the facets of relational social capital, represented by assumption and strong ties, are explored as enablers to bringing units focusing on either exploratory or exploitative activities together. In gist 52 autonomous business units, from three globally diversified electronics and electrical equipment companies, participated with the research through surveys. These business units are responsible for either a specific market segment or product group, ranging from more traditional businesses to newer businesses.They provided insight into their achievement of ambidexterity, motion, the close of mutual meaning and understanding with other units, and the content of their relations with other units. The results concerning the four separated factors used to measure cognitive and relational social capital appear to be kneadd by invisible multimillionaires. However, these factors still let off to considerable extent the achievement of business unit ambidexterity and reference.Concerning cognitive social capital, a shared culture and systems do not appear to influence the achievement of ambidexterity, while a shared vision among business units strongly supports business unit ambidexterity and to considerable extent performance. Concerning relational social capital, trust betw een business units seems to contribute to ambidexterity, but a shared vision is an important contributor to this relationship. Trust also positively influences unit performance.Strong ties do not seem to influence the simultaneous pursuit for exploratory and exploitative innovation. If at all, the relation would have been negative. Before strong ties would benefit ambidexterity, these ties need to be complemented by a certain amount of trust. In addition, strong ties do not support unit performance. The findings indicate that a combination of shared culture and systems and shared vision into a single measure of cognitive social capital does explain business unit ambidexterity and to considerable extent unit performance.The manduction of a vision amongst separated business units appears to reduce the negative effects of resistance to change and adaptability following from a shared culture and systems. By combine shared vision and shared culture and systems it seems that a more bala nced understanding or context is created in which units accept the simultaneous pursuit of exploration and exploitation. The combination also positively impacts performance. A combination of trust and strong ties into a single measure of relational social capital does explain unit performance, and to some extent ambidexterity.It appears that trusting relations positively mediate the negative relation between strong ties and the search for novel ideas. While trust leads to the give-and-take and combination of rich resources, the implementation of the consequent novel insights and combinations is benefited by strong ties. The achievement of business unit ambidexterity does positively influence unit performance. However, ambidexterity does not seem to mediate the relation between social capital and performance. Rather the relation between social capital and unit performance is a direct one.Overall, social capital dimensions enable the integration of exploratory and exploitative activi ties, while ameliorating the subsequent internal tensions. In addition, the content of relations and extent of mutual understanding between business units influences unit performance. Hence, social capital is an important contributor to vital business unit outcomes. Top managers should therefore bounce back the creation and exploitation of social capital. Interesting avenues for future literature are discussed.Taken together, these understandings deliver new insights into how business units might achieve competitive advantages and increased performance and survival chances. 5 An organizations long-term survival depends on its ability to strike in enough exploitation to ensure the organizations current viability and to engage into enough exploration to ensure future viability (March, 1991 105). Indeed, Rakish & Brainwash (2008) in their effort to merge the burgeoned literature on organizational ambidexterity conclude that successful firms are ambidextrous.It provides the organizati on the ability to be aligned with and adaptable to their environment (Gibson & Brainwash, 2004), enables the organization to simultaneously pursue exploratory and exploitative innovations (Banner & Dustman, 2003), and gives it competitive advantage (Dustman & Reilly, 1996). To achieve organizational ambidexterity organizations have to unite the contradictory forces of exploration and exploitation and manage the internal tensions that these forces bring along.While the benefits of organizational ambidexterity have been emphasized and important contributions providing insight in how to accomplish organizational ambidexterity have been made (e. G. Jansen, George, Van den Busch, & Belabored, AAA Kittening & Dustman, 2007 smith & Dustman, 2005 He & Wong, 2004), empirical evidence explicating the factors underlying the process of achieving organizational ambidexterity is largely lacking (Reilly & Dustman, 2008 Jansen, et al, AAA). The ambidextrous organization thrives on internally incons istent structures and cultures (Smith & Dustman, 2005).Exploratory units search for new knowledge and skills for the development of radical innovations in put up to meet the needs of emerging customers or markets, while exploitative units build on and extend existing knowledge and skills for making incremental changes to existing products and go to meet the needs of existing customers and markets (Banner & Dustman, 2003). This focus enables the units to optimally configure themselves around specific discontentment requirements (Lawrence & Loras, 1967).However, it is the strategic integration of these contradictory forces which leads organizational ambidexterity to engender a dynamic capability for the organization (Reilly & Dustman, 2008). Since organizational ambidexterity appears to be such an important concept for organizations and difficult to achieve a lack in research on its antecedents is surprising. This paper focuses on the antecedents of ambidexterity at business unit l evel by taking on a social capital perspective.The research on managing and integrating exploratory and exploitative activities has mainly focused on formal structures and incentives, largely ignoring the social structure that likely enables organizational ambidexterity (Cleanable & Dustman, 2007 Jansen, Van den Busch, & Belabored, 2006). By focusing on cognitive social capital and relational social capital, the two dimensions of social capital that provide occlusion within the organization (Van Wick, Jansen, & Less, 2008), the paper attempts to explain the integration of exploratory and exploitative activities.The paper argues hat cognitive social capital, represented by shared culture and systems and shared vision, provides the needed meaning and understanding in the context of contradiction (Smith & Dustman, 2005 Inpatient & Shoal, 1998 Inept and Tsars, 2005 Van Wick, et al, 2008), which is apparent in the ambidextrous organizational form. The facets of relational social capital , represented by trust and strong ties, are seen as enablers to bringing units focusing on either exploratory or exploitative activities together (Van Wick, et al, 2008 Tsar, 2000).Also, social capital stands central o the understanding of innovation (Inpatient & Shoal, 1998 Moran, 2005) and as such influences exploratory and exploitative innovation. In addition, Guppy, Smith & Shelley (2006) state that learning from exploratory and exploitative activities is more likely to occur at macro level (I. E. Team, unit, organizational, or interdenominational), than at micro level (I. E. The individual).Thus, referring to the definition of social capital (Inept & Tsars, 2005), organizational learning is a resource which is embedded within, becomes available through, and can be derived from a network of relationships. Following this logic, organizational ambidexterity resides in the relationships between units, which are explained by social capital theory. By addressing the question how soci al capital can enable ambidexterity, the study attempts to bring a social perspective into the ambidexterity debate.Research addressing this link is missing, while the two are seemingly related. By studying the relation between social capital, which has the ability to build competitive advantage (Inpatient & Shoal, 1998), and ambidexterity, which leads to long-term survival (Rakish & Brainwash, 2008), this paper contributes mainly to the strategic management and organizational literature. In the following sections theory and hypotheses exit be presented. Ambidexterity and social capital will be explained, while the hypotheses and the research model linking the two are given.Then, the methodology section will outline how the study tests these hypotheses within business units. The results section provides sign insight on the fulfillment of the hypotheses, while their implications will be outlined in the discussion and conclusion section. In addition, the paper proposes future avenu es for inquiry. 7 Duncan (1976) introduced the term ambidexterity, in the organizational setting, arguing that long-term organizational success depends on switching organizational structures in sequence, depending on an organizations state of innovativeness.When an organization finds itself in a phase of innovation it should adopt an organic structure. When the organization is ready to exploit the innovation a mechanistic structure is more appropriate. However, it was not until the seminal term of March (1991) on organizational learning that research on ambidexterity started burgeoning. March (1991) argued that organizations should engage in enough exploitation to ensure the organizations current viability and engage in enough exploration to ensure future viability (March, 1991 105, italics added).A focus on exploitation at the expense of exploration is likely to lead to short-term success, but in the long-term may lead to competency traps and inertia. A focus on exploration at the expense of exploitation might lead to stick in ideas, but would leave the organization without the ability to reap the benefits. Dustman & Reilly (1996) showed that organizations are able to combine exploratory and exploitative activities.

Modern History Essay on USA Civil Rights Movement Essay

In the USA from 1865, when slavery was abolished and African American people where supposedly considered separate tho equal by the constitution, to the 1960s, when the African Americans where actually considered equal, segregation practises where being endorsed throughout the USA. Segregation was the practice of separating the innocence Americans and the African Americans. Segregation occurred when the snow-white Americans continued their upper status on the previously enslaved African Americans, whence maintaining the African Americans status of repression. However throughout the later 1950s to 1960s American went through the well-be provoked Rights Movement, in which the African Americans aimed for a deunintegrated society that maintained equality.Throughout the Civil Rights Movement more non- fantastic hold outs were held creating carry on clash urging changes to be made at heart segregated social areas. Therefore non-violent direct confrontation was the successful means which helped to end segregation practises in the USA. Non-power was the concept of holding a protest that was unaggressive and did not retaliate to violence that was likely to be present.The most successful aspect of these protests was direct confrontation. This was when the African Americans would directly break bingle of the rules in public segregation, causing direct friction within the segregated society, to push the boundaries in which African American people where confined. The confrontation along with the friction created by these placid protests predominantly concluded with change due to the persistence of the African Americans. Despite the escalating violence that was waiting at the majority of the African Americans protests they continued, fighting for their civil rights as humans.One of the most supported organisations for African Americans, by not only African Americans themselves but also white Americans in support of desegregation, was the National necktie for th e Advancement of Coloured People (the NAACP). As well one of the most historically supported leading of the NAACP, Martin Luther Kings virtues for desegregation was non-violent protesting. The increasing levels of support for the NAACP helped create mass protest to which those higher up within the g everyplacenment would be forced into acting upon to eradicate the chance of the protest escalating into a violent scene caused by the white Americans. Therefore it is clearly evident that non-violent, direct confrontation was a marginally successful approach to the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the Civil Rights Movement the media played a major utilisation in the method of non-violence in the ending of segregation.Although the African Americans had a great dedication to their protests they would not have been as greatly supported through these protests without the media. Television station camera men, reporters and photographers, where able to capture the violence and abuse directe d at the African Americans, thence demonstrating the resilience of the protesters. Furthermore showing the prevalent American public that in these spotlights of protests the aggressors where the white Americans and the treatment of the African Americans were unjust. Not only was this evidence of repression upon the African Americans displayed amongst the American media but also global media.Therefore effecting Americas superior reputation amidst the common cold War, giving the current enemy reason as to why capitalism was potentially failing and to their acquaint supporters and potential supporters. This global recognition for a Civil Rights struggle gave motivation to politics to act upon this situation to maintain their global reputation. Therefore the recognition of the African Americans repression and unjust treatment was national and globally recognised, thus gaining support from white Americans after this realisation.Hence the global realisation of this unjust treatment em phasised the make of social change to the government therefore giving some explanation as to the equality that becomes desegregation. umteen of the non-violent protests African Americans undertook where simple acts however they caused extravagant aggravation due to racist view that the superior share of Americans had grown up amongst. One of the protests conducted by seven African Americans and six white Americans was abruptly cease when bus companies refused to carry them on further through their journey as they were confronted with a brutal tamp that violently physically abused them and destroyed the busses that carried them.This protest was the Freedom Rides, protesting to desegregate bus terminals and associated facilities. However other(a) protest groups pushed forward with the Freedom Rides continuing the journey and withstanding the violence until significant action was taken by the government. The desegregation for bus terminal andassociated facilities was finally arra nged after a major uprise in support for these freedom Riders.Much alike the Freedom Rides, Lunch Counter Sit-Ins were a peaceful protest than ended the desegregation of lunch counters. It started with the simple act on February 4th with of four African American college students sitting at a Woolworths lunch counter until the stores closing after being refused serves due to their race. This protest escalated in size and expanded rapidly due to the support it received. Over 50,000 people participated in one or more of the sit ins within a year in over 15 different states and various cities. Due to the size and direct confrontation of this protest, abuse and violence erupted in many of the Sit-Ins encouraging the government to desegregate to maintain the countries reputation.Thus although many of the protests conducted where simple acts of rebellion for the African Americans the persistence of them where found confronting to the white Americans therefore resulting in change. Further o n during the Civil Rights Movement it became obvious that many other organisations for African Americans gained further support, this including the Muslim religion and in particular those surrounding Malcolm X. Although Malcolm Xs and Martin Luther Kings values for the equality of African Americans differ, their main aim was equality with the white Americans.Malcolm X supported maintaining the separation of the races where as King supported the integration of the races in an equal society. Malcolm X was an activist of the Muslim religion he focused in eradicating the repression on the African Americans that was being held upon by the white Americans, much alike Martin Luther King. However they differ as Kings protests were supporting the integration of the races and living peacefully together, were as Malcolm believed in the maintaining of the separation of the races. However as history has proven within American prior to the late 1950s that separate is not equal, as much as that may be the aim. Hence it becomes evident that Malcolm Xs protests didnt succeed in the equality of African American, whereas Martin Luther Kings non-violent protests to integrate proved very successful.Therefore throughout the Civil Rights Movement many different protests where held, and many different organisations where supported however the most successfully was non-violence. These non-violence tactics as say earlier, where the most effective due to the media coverage, persistence of the large quantity and direct confrontation. Without these aspects the non-violence practices for ending segregation within the USA wold not have been as nearly as efficient. Thus using non-violent methods as a means for ending segregation within the USA proved to be highly successful.

Introduction to Linguistics Essay

What is meant by the field of linguistics? This introductory chapter concerns some dimensions of linguistics, which give us a worldwide melodic theme of what linguistics is, including the history of linguistic, grammar, and unalike disciplines of linguistics instruct. What does grammar consist of and what argon the relationship among angiotensin converting enzyme and a nonher? How many terminologys do kind cosmoss involve the capacity to acquire? What other studies argon made in recent centuries? Each of these aspects argon cl proto(prenominal) answer ford, and other chapters result go into pass on details.While in this chapter we will provide some little detailed information on the conf engrossd aspects of linguistics menti aned so far. 1. 1 Defining Linguistics at that place is nothing that mickle be give tongue to by mathematical symbols and relations which tin tailnot also be said by wrangling. The converse, however, is false. Much that ho intake be and is said by actors line merchant shipnot successfully be put into equations, beca utilize it is nonsense. C. Truesdell Linguistics is a theatre of operations to describe and explain the human faculty of spoken wording. There is no doubt that linguistics has changed through human exploitation. 1. 1. 1 History of linguistics.The history of linguistics can be divided into trinity periods antiquity, middle ages and modern linguistics. 1. 1. 1. 1 Antiquity Dating nates to earlier period of linguistics, linguistics is often associated with a need to elucidate discourse, oddly for ritual texts or in arguments. Ancient Indians made a big contribution to linguistics development. Similarly, ancient Chinese played a key office staff in improving linguistics development. well-nigh the same time as the Indian developed, ancient Greek philosophers were also debating the nature and origins of lyric.During this period, syntax and the use up of particles developed fast. In addition, schol ars proposed that readion meanings be derived from sentential usage. 1. 1. 1. 2 Middle Ages In Middle East, in terms of expanding Islam in 8th century, a large number of people shoot Arabic. Because of this, the earliest grammar came to universe gradually. At the same time, Sib outdoor(a)h, a famous scholar, wrote a book to distinguish ph sensationtics from phonology. In the 13th century, Europeans introduced the impression of universal grammar. 1. 1. 1. 3 Modern Linguistics Modern linguistics beginning can date fundament to the late 18th century.With time passing by, the study of linguistics operates increasing contents. Meanwhile, it is used in other fields, computer, e. g. , has diminish to be called computational linguistics. The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as use linguistics. But in a narrower sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories of phraseology t to each oneing and l earning, especially the teaching of foreign and indorse terminology. Other think branches include anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.However, linguistics is simply a part of a much larger academic discipline, semiotics. It is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one single language of any one society, just like Chinese or French, but the language of all human beings. A linguist, though, does not take a leak to know and use a large number of languages, but to investigate how each language is constructed. In short, linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages be constructed and operated as systems of communication in their societies or communities. 1. 1. 2 An Interesting equivalenceLinguistics is a broad field to study, thitherfore, a linguist sometimes is only able to mess with one aspect of language at a time, and thus various branches arise phonetics, ph onology, morphology, syntax, semantics, applied linguistics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, lexicology, lexicography, etymology and so on. Suppose that the study of linguistics can be meaned to be a computer, so linguistics is have-to doe with to the CPU, which supports all the other parts. much thanover, sound card would stand for phonetics and phonology, and then morphology and semantics be like the computer storage of the computer.Whats more, syntax plays as an grand role to translate single nomenclature to a unit of measurement fourth dimension which is full of meaning, just like a graphics card, which uses picture to make sense of the idea of memory stick. Finally, everything is ready, it s time to use computer and the same goes for language acquisition. Very interestingly, the properties of computer argon amazingly similar to human language. from www. iflytek. com/english/Research-Introduction%20to%20TTS. htm Above all, linguistics is concerned with the study of verb al language particularly speech and written language.Whats more, language is a system and there is a pin down of options of which one must be chosen depending on the purpose and setting. (Marie E. & bath P. , 1991, p. 64). 1. 2 The broad study of language Language is a highly complex system of communication, so it sometimes will be called a system of systems. It is used to construct, exchange, express, and record information and ideas. It performs these functions effectively because it is based upon systems that are understood by those using the language. In this chapter, quad topics will be concerned.They are phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In this section, some overall definitions and interactions among the four parts will be talked ab disclose. 1. 2. 1 phonology In order to assist learners at the early stages of literacy, it is very important to understand the relationship amidst sounds and letters. The sounds of speech are studied in phonetics and phonology .(Marie E. & John P, 1991) 1. 2. 1. 1 Definitions of phonology and phonetics Phonology is the study of sound systems- the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occurs in a language and the patterns wherein they fall.In other words, we study the abstract side of the sounds of language, a connect but divergent subject that we call phonology (Peter, 2000). In short, it is about patterns and roots. On the other hand, it is more strict linguistics. Phonetics is the scholarship which studies the characteristics of human sound- make, especially sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. In common, speech sound is used everywhere, and it can be divided into three parts articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics.1. 2. 1. 2 The difference between phonology and phonetics It seems that phonology and phonetics are similar. That is why both of them make learners confused. In fact, they have great difference . Phonology pays attention to how speech sounds of a language pattern are put in concert according to even rules. On the contrary, phonetics counseles main(prenominal)ly on description of how speech sounds are made. For instance, if someone says we should get our ii lips underweight together and then push them open with a strong air, that path he or she is relevant to phonetics field.Another example is no words should begin with the ng/N/ sound, the sound only occurs at the end of words, and this concerns phonology area. Plenty of terms are used to describe assorted patterns of letters and sounds. Some of the common used terms are blend, digraph, schwa, syllable and phonics, which are widely and frequently applied.1. 2. 2 Morphology Morphology has been regarded as a necessarily synchronic discipline. That means the rules focusing on the study of word organise instead of the development of words (Katamba, 1993, p.3). It is the basic element used in a language, and the concep t of morphemes is one of the main aspects in the study of morphology (Yule, 2006, p. 66). Basically, it is the branch of linguistics that studies the midland structure of words. In morphology, morphemes are the minimal units that have semantic meaning. It is the linguistic term for the close to main(a) units of grammatical form (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2006, p. 77). 1. 2. 2. 1 The classification of morphemes Morphemes are composed of free and bound morphemes.Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, while bound morphemes are those that can not normally stand alone, but that can be attached to affixes (Yule, 2000, p. 75). Free morphemes contain lexical and functional morphemes.The commencement category, free morphemes, is the set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs which carry the content of the conveyed messages (Yule, 2000, p. 76), and approximately side words refer to this category. The functional morphemes consist largely of the functional words, including conjunctions, pre come ins, articles and pronouns (Yule, 2000).Bound morphemes can also be divided into two categories. They are derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are those which make new words in the language and make words of a contrary grammatical category from the stem (Yule, 2000, p. 76), which means that it can change the meaning or the word class, whereas the inflectional morphemes are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word (Yule, 2000, p. 77). 1. 2. 2. 2 The interaction with other aspects Morphology has interactions with phonology.The selection of the form that manifests given up morpheme may be abnormal by the sounds that realize neighboring morphemes (Katamba, 1993). For example, prefixes and suffixes will normally affect the stress. Meanwhile, there is interaction between morphology and syntax.The form of words may be influenced by the syntactic verbalism in which the word is used (Katamba, 1993, p. 13). 1. 2. 3 Syntax So far in our study of language, we have made studies of phonetics, phonology and morphology. We have give outd the structure of sounds and words. Therefore, we have been concentrated on the level of minor units of language.After our analysis of words, we move to the precondition of larger structural units of language phrases and meters. If we concentrate on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence, we are studying what is technically known as the syntax of a language (Yule, 2000, p. 100).Syntax can be simply defined as the scientific study of sentence structure. According to Geoffrey (2005), syntax is a term used for the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences. The origin of this word is from Greek and it means a setting out together or arrangement (Yule, 2000).In the sentence The boy hits the door, we can discover that the words are related to each other in this order that it only has one meaning. If we change the order of the words The door hits the boy, the sentences meaning has totally changed and it is nonsense. The reason is that the parts of the sentence are structurally related to each other, and this structure is reflected in the word order. In English, the word order is very necessary and important for the meaning of the sentence according to linguistic rules. In some languages, word order plays a less important role.The meaning of the sentence depends more on the form of the words themselves. In such cases, it is realizable for sentences with totally different word order to have the same meaning. English used to be one of these languages. The following examples are taken from Old English Se cyning metech thone biscop-The king meets the bishop Thone biscop meteth se cyning-The king meets the bishop Although the words are arranged differently, they hitherto mean the same. However, nowadays, the word order is very crucial for meaning. As a consequence, t here is a great need for us to explore syntax.Some important concepts are include in the study of syntax. 1. 2. 3. 1Complex and compound sentence Three sentence types are basic in the syntax. There are simple sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence. A simple sentence includes one word. However, in some situation, the simple sentence contains two words. A compound sentence contains at least two simple sentences.The sentences are linked with a conjunction. A Complex sentence composes of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause. 1. 2. 3. 2 Syntax Analysis The following example is provided for syntax analysis. The football team won the match last year.S NP VP NP Det N Vt Det N Adv Ext(time) The football team won the match last year. The chart in a higher place is called tree diagram. The letters above each indicate S = sentence, NP = noun phrase, VP = verb phrase, N = noun, V = verb, and so on. The syntacticians use this method to examine the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 3 B asic Syntactic Structure In English, the structure of sentence depends heavily on word order. The four basic structures are listed as follows SNP + Vc + NP ( NPN, NP Det + N) SNP + VP ( NPN, VPVc + Adj) SNP + VP ( NPN, VPV) SNP + VP (NPN, VPVt + NP, NPDet + N) 1. 2. 3. 4 Basic Syntactic procreative ProcessThere are four basic syntactic generative processes substitution, expansion, extension, transformation. Take the following sentence as an example to clarify these three concepts. Ken is a police officer. Substitution Ken is a policeman. tom is a policeman. Expansion Ken is a policeman. Ken is a bad policeman. Extension Ken is a policeman. Ken is a policeman at that time.Transformation Ken is a policeman. Is Ken a policeman? 1. 2. 4 Semantics Semantics, a subfield of linguistics, is the study of literal meaning. It is the recent addition to the English language. (Palmer, 1976, p. 1).According to Matthews (2007), during the early age the study of meaning focused on the lexico n alone. The scope of the study has expended since 1960s to include both semantics and pragmatics ( study in 1. 3), which come to the main fields of the study of linguistic meaning(Katamba, 2000& Matthews, 1997). Semantic meaning is fixed and abstract.It can be understood by surface. However, it is de-contextualized. In another word, it is easily subverted by different gestures or intonations. Semnatics interacts with other aspects of linguistics. For example, when synonyms are used, they can be understood, so it fits the rule of syntax.However, synonyms are used to describe something similar. In a sentence, a synonym can be substituted by another synonym. However, the meaning of synonyms speaker or writer determines or predicates have different degrees, which indicates the meaning is actually different (Alan, 2004). Thus, it is the interaction between syntax and semantics. As for the interaction with phonology, the term tonic syllable in phonology has three kinds of functions. The first one is the accentual function, which is to indicate the focus of the information. The second one is the attitudinal function that is to indicate the speakers attitude.And the last one is grammatical function. If speakers use these functions, the same sentence will turn out to have various meanings. To conclude, in this section, linguistics is analyzed from the aspects of sounds, word structure, grammatical rules and meaning. Each of them is in charge of a certain system. Thus linguistics can help people to communicate, to express, and to be understood. 1. 3 Other disciplines Apart from the core subparts of linguistics, which we have demonstrated before, for gain reading, we introduce some other exciting aspects in the field of linguistics.There are a slew more to discover than those areas. 1. 3. 1 Sociolinguistics People may know something about you through the way you speak, for example, where you come from, where you spend most of your life time, your complaisant identity and so on. Two people growing up in the same geographical area, at the same time, may speak differently owing to a number of accessible factors (Yule, 2000). Consequently, its very important to consider the social aspects of language. Its because speech is a form of social identity and is used, consciously or unconsciously (Yule, 2000).The study of the social aspect of language is known as sociolinguistic. Sociolinguistic is concerned with investigation of the relationship between language and society (Ronald, 2006, p. 13). It consists of cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used. The first linguists who studied the social aspect of language are Indian and Japanese in the 1930s. Another person called Gauchat who came from Switzerland had a analysis of this in 1900s as well. However, these three people didnt receive much attention in the West. Until the late 19th century, the study of social aspects of language laid its foundation.Sociolinguistics gradu ally appeared in the 1960s in the West. Linguistics such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK first brought out this concept and explored it. (Wikipedia, 2007, para. 1) 1. 3. 2 Neurolinguistics Though the neural structures of most animal species are very distant from man, there are put away resemblances between human and animal languages (Marler, 1981 Nottebohm, 1970), since neurons work in both. Human brain contains billions of neural cells, and so far, the exact number of those so-called neurons is still to be defined (Fabbro, 1999, p. 21).These teeny tiny neurons have close link with the production of language. There can be innate or learnt vocal comments. Oral language can be the innate lieu of the human brain, written language, however, is an invention of humankind. Dogs can bark, cats can miaow, and man can cry even subsequently the removal of the midbrain, whereas parrots cannot imitate human sounds, and we cannot produce human language (Fabbro, 1999, p. 21).Therefore, the neural center of our brain is performing an irreplaceable role in the production of language. How does the main cerebral structure serve the production of humanvocalizations? The study of neurolinguistic rely on the study of neurology and neurophysiology, and in these fields, all parts of the nervous system, each having different functions in generating language, are discovered. Theories are found based on lots of experiments concerning the removals of different sections of the brain. The ending of different language areas destroys language distinguishingly.1. 3. 3 Historical linguistics Historical linguistics definitely is not concerned with the history of linguistics, though historical linguistics has played an important role in the development of linguistics.It is the main kind of linguistics practiced in the 19th century (Campbell, 1998, p. 5). Historical linguistics concerns the investigation and description of how languages change or maintain their stru cture in the course of time. Language change can be easily proved by documents written in the same language but at different periods of history. The differences of wording and structure of sentences can reflect the historical development of language. From series of datable documents, shapers Prayer widely recorded the history of mankind, and different versions help us analyze the language of each period (Bynon, 1978, p.7).Meanwhile we can also discover that certain structure rules are still used in current language. There are some constructs and rule that link the grammars of two different but related languages, which descend from a single original language, sharing a common ancestor. More accurately, historical linguistics deals with the kinds of changes, and the techniques and methods we have use to discover history, rather than the origin of words themselves (Campbell, 1998, p. 5). 1. 3. 4 anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistic is the study of relations between l anguage and culture.It is related to human biology, recognition and language. It belongs to the field of linguistic anthropology, which is a branch of anthropology that studies human-beings through the language they use(Wikipedia, 2007, para. 1). Some Linguists who explore theanthropological linguistics consider these topics such as chimpanzee communication, pidgins and creoles, structural linguistics,total languages, whorf hypothesis, etc. 1. 3. 5 Pragmatics According to Kate (2000), pragmatics is one of the two main fields in the study of linguistic meaning.Pragmatics deals with natural language, while language is always used in context for an intended purpose. The listeners must try to grasp the meaning implied, enrich the ideas, and finally make out the opinion that what the speakers meant when talking about a particular expression (Kate, 2000). According to Yule (1996), pragmatics studies the context in which the utterance is produced as well as the intention of language user. That means pragmatic meaning depends on context or situation. Without context, meanings can be vague and may be misunderstood by people.Two of the branches are speech acts that cover requesting, commanding, questioning and informing, and politeness that shows the awareness of another persons face. In short, sociolinguistics is the analysis of interrelationship of language and society. Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in language. Historical linguistics is the term of language change and how different languages are related to each other. Anthropological linguistics is the study of language and culture. There are some other disciplines in linguistics. Pragmatics deals with the speakers meaning.The five mentioned above are some main disciplines in linguistics. Different disciplines of linguistics enrich the content of linguistic. The study of linguistics tends to be more and more detailed and completed. 1. 4 Language Acquisition This chapter began with a general introduction to language study. It ends with a consideration of the acquisition of language, containing first, second and foreign language, which is affected by the relationship between teacher and learner. Some experient educators advise that it is only through learning to speak a language that you can fully analyze it (Everett 2001).Acquisition is described as occurring in spontaneous language contexts (Krashen, 1982), is subconscious, and leads to conversational fluency. 1. 4. 1 First language acquisition For a child, learning first language is automatic, not after starting school, not in specific circumstance and not by great efforts (Yule, 2006). It requires only basic physical capability of direct and receiving sounds directly or indirectly, and interaction with others using this language. Children are brought up in particular environments, being affected by different surroundings, especially by those people whom they spend most of their time interacting with.Infa nts start express themselves through some simple utterance, such as some vowel-like sounds. Children gain increasing abilities at different development stages, from producing single-unit utterance to producing speech by communicating through expressions (Yule, 2006), since they are able to understand what others said. This a big step forward, like quitting toddling and being capable of walking steadily, forwards, or backwards. As children are being increasingly exposed to communication and interaction, their language skills are developing rapidly because of the expansion of vocabulary.They are never forced to speak first language and seldom be readyed by others, but they correct themselves through interactions every day. Then children learn to use verbs in different sentences, and how to use different words to form a sentence (Yule, 2006). They gradually learn to ask questions correctly and how to use the word no in their speeches to express negative meanings. The last stage of fir st language acquisition is the ability of making meaningful sentence (Yule, 2006). There is massive variation in the rate at which features of ones first language are acquired. 1. 4. 2 Second language acquisition.Being able to speak first language is one of the basic skills of second language acquisition. Except for the minority of people who are bilingualist speakers, most of the learners have no access to a second language until our late childhood. Actually most of the Chinese learners are now learning English as a foreign language, because it is immediately back to Chinese speaking time out of the schoolroom. But later on they may have the guess of learning it as a foreign language in a native speaking environment, during compactness semesters, when they will acquire this second language in circumstances similar to those of Chinese acquisition.There are obviously differences in foreign language achievement, sometimes related to differences in aptitude (Carroll, 1982), sometim es to affectional factors (Gardner & Lambert, 1972), sometimes to learner strategies (Naiman, Frohlicn, Stern & Tedesco, 1978), sometimes to environmental factors such as opportunities for language use or instructional conditions (Long, 1982), and sometimes simply to time (Carroll, 1975). Human beings have the ability to learn more than one language all through ones live.Farwell (1963) (cited in Taylor, 1976) reports that a British explorer in the 19th century claimed to have spoken more than 40 languages and dialects. Usually, however, after the age of 10, the acquisition of second language is very different from the way one acquired his first language, which is relatively slower and cannot achieve native-like proficiency. 1. 4. 3 Educational factors Most of us begin learning second language in teenage years, outgo only few hours on it every day and for most of the daily activities we use our mother tongue.Accordingly, we will encounter lots of difficulties in learning second lan guage without enough exposure to it. Therefore, the largely secern part of acquiring first and second language should be language teachers. In order to learn a second language, we must learn from a teacher, or at least follow their guidance. The classroom is a very powerful instrument of instruction and it can control language learning in a very direct way (Richard, T. & Roger,H. ). As language teachers, we should focus on students requirements and follow learner-centered approaches.We should bestow knowledge in a more practical way so the students can receive easily. stop the class disciplined and orderly so that students can learn most effectively from the lessons. There are often the situations that the students seldom volunteer answers, and the teacher sometimes has to call on someone and wait for a long time before a response is forthcoming. Why not try breaking away from typical Hong Kong classroom practices in class? Like, students do not have to stand up to court teacher s, and they do not have to raise their hands or stand up when they answer questions.In a relaxed classroom atmosphere, students will feel free to interact. They will not fall silent when the teacher enters the room, then stand up and chant a choral greeting. If the pupils are put in this position in the classroom, they can be more effectively kept in their place in social life. During the class, we teachers should never say like this I am your teacher. By the authority vested in me I have the right to ask you to behave in a certain way, whether you like it or not. And you, in your role have the obligation to obey (Widdowson, H. G. ).Whereas, we should say that in another way Do this because I am the teacher and I know whats best for you, but not Do this because I am telling you and I am the teacher. This difference has the advantage of largely increasing participation in the use and practice of language. 1. 4. 4 Summary Approaches to the acquisition of language account for differen t backgrounds of learns first language, and different conditions of exposure. In acquiring language, learners often go through transitional stages of development, which is at distinguished rates. References Cruse, A. (2004).Meaning in language an introduction to semantics and pragmatics. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press. Bynon, T. (1983). Historical Linguistics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Campbell, L. (1998). Historical Linguistics-An Introduction. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. Dechert, H. W. (1990). Current trends in European second language. Great Britain white blood corpuscle Print, Bristol. Fabbro, F. (1999). The Neurolinguistics of Bilingualism. Psychology Press Ltd. Fromkin, V. , Rodman, R. , & Hyams, N. (2006). An introduction to language (8th ed. ). Boston, MA Heinle & Heinle. Palmer, F. R.(1976). Semantics a new outline. Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press. Geoffrey, F. (2005). Key Concepts In Language And Linguistics. USA Palgrave M acmillan. Kate, K. (2000). Semantics. Basingstoke, England, Macmillan. Katamba, F. (2006). Morphology. Basingstoke Macmillan Press. Marie E. & John P. (1991). Language and Learning. Melbourne Oxford University Press O Mally, J. M. , & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press. Matthews, P. H. (1997). Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford. University Press, USA.Peter, R. (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge University Press. Ronald, W. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. USA Blackwell Publishing. Widdowson, H. G. (1990). Aspects of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press. Wikepedia Sociolinguistics (n. d. ). Retrieved 30 October 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sociolinguistics Wikepedia Anthropological linguistics (n. d. ). Retrieved 30 October 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics Yule, G. (2006). The study of language (3rd ed. ). Cambridge, New York Cambridge University Press.